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leopard catshark
The leopard catshark (''Poroderma pantherinum'') is a species of catshark, and part of the family Scyliorhinidae, endemic to the coastal waters of South Africa. Abundant in inshore waters under deep, this bottom-dweller favors rocky reefs, kelp beds, and sandy flats. Growing to a length of , the leopard catshark has a stout body with two dorsal fins placed well back, and a short head and tail. It is extremely variable in color and pattern, with individuals ranging from almost white to black and covered by diverse patterns of black spots, blotches, rosettes, and/or lines. The color pattern changes with age and some forms seem to be location-specific, suggesting the presence of multiple distinct, local populations. In the past, some of the more distinct color forms have been described as different species.
Mainly nocturnal in habits, after dusk the leopard catshark hunts for small, benthic bony fishes and invertebrates in shallow water. In daytime, it generally rests inside caves and crevices, sometimes in groups. This species has been documented ambushing spawning chokka squid (''Loligo vulgaris reynaudi'') within their spawning grounds. Reproduction is oviparous and proceeds year-round. Females produce rectangular, light-colored egg capsules two at a time, attaching them to structures on the sea floor. Small and harmless, the leopard catshark adapts well to captivity and is often exhibited in public aquariums. It is caught by commercial and recreational fishers as bycatch, and often killed as a pest. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as Data Deficient; its numbers do not seem to be declining, but heavy human activity occurs within its native waters. The possibly fragmented nature of its distribution also merits caution for each local population.
==Taxonomy==
Because of its highly variable color pattern, the leopard catshark has historically been known under a multitude of names. In an 1837 issue of ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London'', Scottish physician and zoologist Andrew Smith listed without descriptions the new genus ''Poroderma'', containing the species ''P. africanum'' (the pyjama shark), ''P. pantherinum'', ''P. submaculatum'', and ''P. variegatum''.〔 German biologists Johannes Peter Müller and Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle assigned these sharks to the genus ''Scyllium'', and in their 1838–1841 ''Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen'' furnished descriptions for ''S. pantherinum'' and ''S. variegatum'', and listed two more names without description, ''S. leopardinum'' and ''S. maeandrinum''.〔 In 1934, American zoologist Henry Weed Fowler described ''P. marleyi'', characterized by large black spots.〔
Subsequent authors have recognized these names as based on pattern variants of the leopard catshark; resolving the identity of ''P. marleyi'' proved especially problematic and it was not confirmed to be a synonym of this species until 2003.〔〔 The valid scientific name of the leopard catshark is considered to be ''Poroderma pantherinum'', attributed to Müller and Henle as they were responsible for the description.〔 The specific epithet ''pantherinum'' refers to the panther-like patterning of the type specimen, a long female collected off the Cape of Good Hope.〔〔 Other common names for this shark include barbeled catshark and blackspotted catshark.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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